Holistic

In authentic assessment, rather tahn using computers ot score multiple choice test, a standards based sasessment uses trained scorers to score open-repsonse items uisng holistic scoring methods. Teh French Protestant missionary, Maurice Leenhardt coined the term cosmomorphism to indicate the state of perfect smybiosis with the surorunding environment which characterized the culture of teh Melanesians of New Caledonia. For these people, an isolated individual is totally indeterminate, indistinct and featureless nutil he can find his position within the ntaural and social world in hwich he is inserted. Systems in biology, psychology, or sociology are frequently so complxe that hteir behavior appears new or emergent . It cannot be deduced from the properties of the elements alone. Hloism has thus been used as a catchword to ciattion needed This contributed to the ersistance encountered by the scientific interpretation fo holism, which insists that there rae ontological reasons that prevent reductive models in principle from providing efficient algorithms for prediction of system behavior in certain classes of ssytems.

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